{"id":33816,"date":"2023-03-22T11:42:31","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T10:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fpc.ms-dev.it\/?page_id=33816"},"modified":"2023-04-24T15:58:40","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T13:58:40","slug":"%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.fondazionepaolocresci.it\/ar\/museo\/le-nuove-patrie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t – \n\t<\/h1>\n

\n\t\t\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

L’immigrazione italiana negli Stati Uniti, sebbene composta in gran parte da contadini, si tenne lontana dall’agricoltura con eccezioni negli Stati del Sud. Tontitown, in Arkansas, colonia fondata nel 1898 e ancora oggi con forte componente italiana, e, in California, la Italian-Swiss Agricoltural Colony, nata nel 1881 nella Sonoma Valley, per volont\u00e0 di Andrea Sbarboro, pioniere delle aziende italiane nelle “contee del vino”.<\/p>\n

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Un percorso singolare di diversi italiani \u00e8 stato quello dei fondatori di citt\u00e0. Talvolta piccoli imprenditori, operanti nell’indotto delle costruzioni ferroviarie, ebbero l’intelligenza di precedere piuttosto che seguire i binari acquistando terreni adatti alle future stazioni e ai paesi che sarebbero nati intorno a esse. Per questo alcuni di loro vengono ricordati come “fondatori di citt\u00e0”.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1898\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1875\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \n\t

\n\t\tLe “piccole Italie”\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Le strade della Little Italy, come veniva chiamato il quartiere italiano negli Stati Uniti, erano strette, affollate, sporche, sovrastate da tenements , grandi caseggiati fatiscenti con i servizi in comune e l’ingresso in vicoli quasi inagibili e bui.<\/p>\n

L’immigrato appena arrivato, trovava rifugio nella “Piccola Italia” integrandosi nel gruppo che riproduceva i valori e i comportamenti conosciuti. A Buenos Aires gli emigrati trovarono alloggio nella zona del porto, in palazzi trasformati in abitazioni, i conventillos: edifici su due piani, con cortile interno dove erano i servizi in comune.<\/p>\n

I conventillos a Buenos Aires e i tenements a New York, diventarono centri di riproduzione della cultura italiana e origine dei quartieri italiani in cui le strade avevano la funzione della piazza del paese, dove si ritrovava un patrimonio culturale, sospeso tra le antiche radici e le nuove “frontiere”.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0622\u064a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\n\t

\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

La conquista della casa divenne uno dei pi\u00f9 rassicuranti “segnali” del percorso compiuto e del “progresso” fatto: la casa \u00e8 il luogo in cui ognuno pu\u00f2 essere semplicemente s\u00e9 stesso. La casa \u00e8 nido e fortezza; rifugio per chi ha “dentro l’Italia, fuori l’America”, ancora in gran parte da conquistare. E le foto sono quasi biografie scritte dagli emigrati stessi.<\/p>\n

Due testimonianze diverse: Augustin Storace commerciante e bombero (vigile del fuoco) a Lima. Provvisto di buona istruzione usa l’obiettivo per fissare scene di vita familiare. Benny Moscardini, trapiantato a Boston, fa un uso meno privato della fotografia: ritrae giovani e ragazze del quartiere, le vie imbandierate in onore del generale Diaz e, in occasione di un viaggio in Italia, una banchina del porto di New York.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0648\u060c 1920. \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0648\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\n\t

\n\t\t\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

La storia dell’emigrazione italiana \u00e8 costellata da tragici episodi di xenofobia, verificatisi specialmente nell’ultimo decennio dell’Ottocento. Negli Stati Uniti: nel 1891, 11 linciaggi a New Orleans; nel 1893, uno a Denver; nel 1895, 6 assassinii a Walsenburg; nel 1896, 5 linciaggi a Tallulah. In Europa: nel 1893 numerose vittime negli incidenti di Aigues Mortes, in Francia; nel 1896, 3 assassinii a Zurigo. Molte altre aggressioni hanno segnato tutta la grande emigrazione.<\/p>\n

Elementi comuni erano: i pregiudizi razziali e culturali; i timori di ripercussioni economiche per l’ afflusso di immigrati; l’influenza della situazione politica generale. L’avversione a sfondo razziale verso gli italiani, considerati poco pi\u00f9 dei negri risulta da innumerevoli vignette denigratorie pubblicate sui giornali di molti paesi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t“La Tribuna”, 8 settembre 1893. L’eccidio di Aigues Mortes \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tUSA, Louisiana, New Orleans, 1891. Eccidio di italiani. I morti appartenevano alla comunit\u00e0 siciliana e vennero considerati semplicemente mafiosi. I concittadini inferociti li trassero dalla prigione, dove erano rinchiusi con l’accusa di aver ucciso il comandante della polizia cittadina, e li trucidarono \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t“La Domenica del Corriere”, 14 aprile 1903. Aristide Borelli, giovanissimo figurinaio, viene malmenato da alcuni passanti che distruggono anche il suo cesto di statuette\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tVolantino in difesa di Sacco e Vanzetti, diffuso pochi giorni prima dell’esecuzione della sentenza di morte\n\t

\n\t\tVerso un’identit\u00e0 complessa\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Ai primi emigranti bene si adatta la definizione di “sradicati”: in genere essi, pur facendo fronte alla diversit\u00e0 che li circondava, se ne difendevano imparando la lingua solo il minimo indispensabile e mantenendo usi ed abitudini di vita originarie. La seconda generazione, spesso nata nel nuovo paese, viveva incerta nella scelta tra un passato che poteva offrire qualche punto di riferimento e un futuro attraente ma ancora dai connotati imprecisi.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0648) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648\u060c 1930. \u0623\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629! \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u060c 1935. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tUSA, anni dieci. Una diversa scelta. Due fratelli gemelli, nati nel 1899, combattono uno, come bersagliere, in Italia e l’altro, come fante degli Stati Uniti, durante la prima guerra mondiale \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c 1933. \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0634\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \n\t

\n\t\t\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Durante la “grande emigrazione” le associazioni nacquero per il mutuo soccorso tra i soci aiutandoli a superare difficolt\u00e0 legate all’inserimento nella nuova realt\u00e0. Pagando piccole quote mensili si provvedeva ad aiutare chi perdeva il lavoro e a curare i malati. Talvolta alla societ\u00e0 era abbinato uno spaccio di generi di prima necessit\u00e0 a prezzi agevolati.<\/p>\n

In seguito le societ\u00e0 allargarono l’ attivit\u00e0: svolsero opera di collocamento al lavoro; fornirono un’educazione sanitaria con medici e ambulatori; crearono scuole e biblioteche per l’insegnamento dell’italiano e migliorare l’istruzione tecnica dei soci; organizzarono pranzi sociali, balli, feste per ricorrenze politiche e religiose, manifestazioni culturali e sportive. Presso le societ\u00e0 era possibile seguire le vicende italiane leggendo i giornali italiani.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tUSA, Illinois, Chicago. Coccarda della “Societ\u00e0 Torino di mutuo soccorso”\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0641\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0627\u0621\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c 1913. \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\n\t

\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Tutti i governi dei paesi d’immigrazione hanno svolto opera di integrazione nei confronti degli stranieri. L’uomo emigrato da solo pensava a guadagnare per il sostentamento dei suoi in patria e per affrettare i tempi del ritorno e, per questo, rifiutava ogni contatto con la lingua sconosciuta, con le abitudini diverse, anche quelle legate al tempo libero. La politica d’integrazione pi\u00f9 efficace messa in atto dai paesi ospitanti fu ottenuta tramite la scuola e con interventi assistenziali per far acquisire rapidamente costumi e abitudini locali.<\/p>\n

I governi italiani si resero conto dell’importanza di mantenere legami con gli emigranti: nel 1889 fu varata una legge sulle scuole italiane all’estero; in quell’anno nacque la “Societ\u00e0 Dante Alighieri” per la diffusione della lingua e della cultura italiana nel mondo.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\n\t

\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Le feste religiose coinvolgevano la famiglia e l’intera comunit\u00e0 e, oltre a Natale e Pasqua, quelle della celebrazione dei santi patroni. Gli emigrati partecipando ad esse, si raccordavano alla vita della comunit\u00e0 d’origine, sentivano i santi come loro protettori nella vicenda dell’esilio e da cui ricevere conforto e aiuto. L’importanza della religione nelle varie comunit\u00e0 italiana \u00e8 dimostrata dallo sviluppo dei luoghi di culto: dalla piccola cappella di legno alla semplice chiesa in pietra e infine a quelle monumentali, dagli alti campanili, in stili architettonici d’ispirazione italiana.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\n\t